Reconstrucción de lesiones de la vía biliar principal: la evolución hacia la técnica de Hepp-Couinaud / Surgical repair of bile duct injuries: experience in 25 patients

Background: Bile duct injury (BDI) is a complex problem, where adequate reconstruction has an impact on quality of life of patients. Aim: To describe the experience and results of bile duct reconstruction in BDI at reference center. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of 25 patients aged 44 +/- 14 (76 percent females) with BDI that were subjected to a surgical repair in a regional hospital between January 2000 and June 2009. The protocol, repair technique and postoperative morbidity and mortality are described. Results: In 40 percent of cases, the injury occurred during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The repair was performed using a Roux-en-Y hepato-jejunostomy (RYHJ) in 20 patients. In 14 patients (70 percent), the modified Hepp-Couinaud technique was used. Thirty two percent of patients had postoperative complications and one patient died due to a sepsis and liver failure. One patient presented RYHJ stenosis that was managed with percutaneous dilatation. Conclusions: The majority of patients of this series were managed using a RYHJ with the Hepp-Couinaud technique, with acceptable results in terms of postoperative morbidity and stenosis.

Introducción: La lesión de vía biliar (LVB) es una complicación de enfrentamiento complejo, donde una adecuada reconstrucción tiene impacto en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia y resultados de la reconstrucción de via biliar por LVB en un centro de referencia. Material y Método: Diseño de estudio: Cohorte retrospectiva. Período de estudio: Enero de 2000 a Junio de 2009. Población: Pacientes mayores de 18 años con LVB que fueron sometidas a reconstrucción de vía biliar por el equipo de cirugía hepatopancreática y biliar del Hospital Regional de Temuco. Maniobra: Se describe el protocolo de evaluación y la técnica de reconstrucción. Resultados: La cohorte está constituida por 25 pacientes. La edad promedio es 44 +/- 13,7 años y el 76 por ciento género femenino. La lesión se produjo más frecuentemente en una colecistectomía laparoscópica (40 por ciento). La reparación se ha realizado con hepaticoyeyuno anastomosis en Y de Roux (HPYA) en 20 pacientes, utilizando la técnica de Hepp-Couinaud modificada en el 70 por ciento de ellos. Ocho pacientes presentaron alguna morbilidad asociada a la reparación y un paciente falleció en el postoperatorio. Un paciente presentó estenosis de HPYA cuya terapia fue dilataciones por vía percutanea. Conclusión: La HPYA con técnica de Hepp-Couinaud es la técnica más utilizada por nuestro equipo en la reconstrucción de vía biliar por LVB con resultados aceptables en términos de morbilidad postoperatoria y estenosis.

Protocolo de tratamiento y resultados de pancreatitis aguda: estudio de cohorte / Retrospective review of 251 patients with acute pancreatitis

Background: The severity of acute pancreatitis (AP) can be assessed using the Atlanta classification. Different clinical guides have been developed for the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. Aim: To report a retrospective series of patients with AP. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of 251 patients with AP, aged 53 +/- 18 years (54 percent females). Severity was assessed using Atlanta classification, the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score and C reactive protein (CRP) were used as prognostic indicators. Results: Cholelithiasis was the etiology of pancreatitis in 85 percent of patients. According to Atlanta classification 68 percent had a mild disease. Seven percent of patients had local complications and 9 percent died. Conclusions: Biliary lithiasis was the most common etiology of AP in this series of patients and 68 percent had a mild disease.

Introducción: La pancreatitis aguda (PA) es una patología asociada a una significativa morbilidad y mortalidad. La clasificación de gravedad se basa en los criterios de Atlanta. Diversas guías clínicas han sido desarrolladas para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta patología. Nuestro objetivo es describir la experiencia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la PA y evaluar los predictores de gravedad utilizados con la morbilidad y mortalidad asociada a esta patología en un centro de referencia. Materiales y Método: Cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes con diagnóstico de PA entre enero de 2005 y diciembre de 2006. La gravedad fue determinada según los criterios de Atlanta. Los predictores de gravedad utilizados han sido modificados de la guía clínica del Reino Unido. Resultados: Se incluyeron 253 pacientes con PA. La etiología más frecuente fue la patología litiásica biliar en un 84,5 por ciento. El 32 por ciento de los pacientes presentó una pancreatitis aguda grave (PAG). Complicaciones locales se presentaron en 7 por ciento de los pacientes. La mortalidad global de la serie fue de un 9 por ciento. Conclusiones: La etiología más frecuente de PA en nuestro centro es la litiasis biliary el cuadro clínico leve. Nuestra serie presenta un porcentaje elevado de pacientes con PAG, con porcentajes de complicaciones y mortalidad comparable con cifras nacionales e internacionales.

Hepatocarcinoma con componente sarcomatoide: Caso clínico / Hepatocarcinoma with sarcomatoid transformation: Case report

Hepatocarcinoma with sarcomatoid transformation is uncommon. It presents clinically with íeucocytosis and fever, resembling a liver abscess. We report a 40 year-old male that presented pain in the right upper quadrant and fever. Abdominal imaging showed an hypodense image in the liver that resembled a liver abscess. The patient was subjected to a percutaneous drainage obtaining 150 ml of an hemorrhagic fluid whose culture was negative. The clinical picture persisted and the patient was subjected to a right hepatectomy. The pathological study of the surgical piece disclosed a hepatocarcinoma with sarcomatoid transformation. The patient was discharged sixteen days after surgery.

Cambio en la microbiología de los abscesos pancreáticos en el Hospital Regional de Temuco: Serie de casos / Microbiology of pancreatic abscesses in a Chilean Regional Hospital

Introducción: El principal mecanismo involucrado en la infección pancreática es la translocación bacteriana de la flora intestinal a la necrosis pancreática lo que coincide con los organismos más frecuentemente encontrados: Escherichia coli (25%-35%), Klebsiella spp (10%-25%), Enterobacter spp (3%-7%). El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir la microbiología, la sensibilidad antibiótica de los gérmenes aislados y los esquemas antibióticos utilizados en una serie de pacientes con abscesos pancreáticos que fueron operados en el Hospital Regional de Temuco. Material y Método: estudio de serie de casos. Se incluyeron sujetos con diagnóstico de absceso pancreático, intervenidos quirúrgicamente en los servicios de cirugía y urgencias del Hospital Regional de Temuco en el período enero de 2004 a marzo de 2005. Los cultivos de las colecciones se siembran en agar sangre y agar Mac Conkey; la sensibilidad in vitro a los antibióticos se realiza por medio de método cualitativo con sensidiscos para cada tipo de antibiótico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 10 pacientes. Las bacterias más frecuentemente aisladas fueron Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter freundii, Acinetobacter baumannii y Estafiliococo aureus Meticilino Resistente (SAMR) cada una presente en 2 cultivos. Se aisló en 1 cultivo Candida spp. Las bacterias gram negativas fueron sensibles a las quinolonas en 40% y todas fueron sensibles a los carbapenem. Conclusiones: La microbiología de los abscesos pancreáticos presenta un cambio en relación a los reportes previos de la literatura. Las bacterias más frecuentemente aisladas en los abscesos pancreáticos de nuestra serie son bacterias gramnegativas multiresistentes y SAMR. El esquema antibiótico más frecuente fue la combinación de carbapenem y vancomicina en 5 pacientes.

Background: Pancreatic infections during pancreatitis are caused by bacterial translocation of the intestinal flora into areas pancreatic necrosis. Thus, the main organisms involved are Echerichia coli in 25 to 35% of cases, Klebsiella spp in 10 to 25% and Enterobacter spp in 3% to 7%. Aim: To describe the microbiological features and antimicrobial sensitivity of pancreatic abscesses, operated at Temuco Regional Hospital. Materials and Methods: Subjects with a pancreatic abscess and operated in the surgical and emergency services of Temuco Regional Hospital between January 2004 and March 2005, were studied. The samples collected were incubated in blood and MacConkey agar plates. The in vitro sensitivity to antimicrobials was assessed using a qualitative method with sensidiscs for each antimicrobial. Results: Ten patients were studied. Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter freundii, Acinetobacter baumannii and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus were found, each in two cultures. Candida spp. was isolated from one culture. Forty percent of Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to quinolones and all were sensitive to carbapenem. Conclusions: The most commonly isolated bacteria in pancreatic abscesses in our series were multiresistant gram-negative bacteria and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Quimiorradioterapia de neoadyuvancia en cáncer de vesícula biliar / Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in gallbladder cancer

Background: Gallbladder cancer is generally associated with a poor prognosis, being local recurrence the main pattern of failure. Aim: To evaluate neoadjuvant chemoradiation as a means to improve the prognosis in gallbladder cancer. Patients and methods: Twenty three gallbladder cancer patients were prospectively treated between June 1993 and September 1999 in the Temuco Regional Hospital. Eighteen (82 percent) patients had subserosal infiltration, while three (13 percent) had serosal and two (9 percent) adipose tissue infiltration. Chemotherapy was done with 5-fluorouracil in continuous infusion during 5 days at day 1 and 28 of treatment. Radiotherapy consisted in a total dose of 4500 cGy, divided in 25 sessions. Patients' survival was compared with a series of 19 patients not subjected to chemoradiation, formerly treated at the institution. Results: Twenty patients had hematological problems secondary to the therapy. Leucopenia and thrombocytopenia were the most common toxic effects and eight had leucopenia under 2.0 x 10 during the treatment course. Chemoradiation delayed surgical treatment in eight patients. After the chemoradiation protocol, seven patients were excluded from surgical treatment and 14 patients underwent resection. Three of the latter (11 percent) had liver involvement and four (14 percent) had lymph node involvement. Among the patients who underwent resection, five are still alive with a follow up of 43.8 months. Treated patients had a worst actuarial survival than subjects not treated with chemoradiation. Conclusions: In this series of patients chemoradiation had no positive effect and a potentially detrimental effect in patients with gallbladder cancer (Rev Méd Chile 2004; 132: 51-7).

¿Es el cáncer de la vesícula biliar una enfermedad de mal pronóstico en Chile? / Is galbladder cancer a tumor with bad prognosis?

Gallbladder cancer is frequent in Chile, but it is not uniformly mortal. The diagnosis is usually made after a cholecystectomy. indicated for a symptomatic cholelithiasis. Global survival of gallbladder cancer can be as high as 40 percent at five years. In 69 percent of women of less than 30 years old, the tumor is detected in early stages. In these cases, cholecystectomy is the curative procedure, with a 90 percent survival at five years. According to our experience, cholecystectomies should be performed between 40 and 50 years of age in men and between 30 and 40 years in women. The prognostic factors that should be considered are symptoms associated to lithiasis, age, parity, obesity, size of stones and the size of the gallbladder. If the tumor is detected in early stages, the survival is good. The natural history of the disease would change significantly if all women with symptomatic stones were operated